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<title>Central Legislative Assembly</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Legislative Assembly</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the body based in Nairobi, see <a href="East_Africa_Central_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Africa Central Legislative Assembly">East Africa Central Legislative Assembly</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Central Legislative Assembly</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><b><a href="Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><a href="Star_of_India_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star of India (flag)">Star of India</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a> of the <a href="Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1919<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1919-12-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="Frederick_Whyte" title="Frederick Whyte">Sir Frederick Whyte</a> (first)<br><a href="Ganesh_Vasudev_Mavalankar" title="Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar">Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar</a> (last) </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">145</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First past the post</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">First election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="1920_Indian_general_election" title="1920 Indian general election">1920 Indian general election</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945 Indian general election</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Motto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Heaven's Light Our Guide</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="Old_Parliament_House%2C_New_Delhi" title="Old Parliament House, New Delhi">Assembly chamber, Council House</a>, <a href="Raisina_Hill" title="Raisina Hill">Raisina Hill</a>, <a href="New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Central Legislative Assembly</b> was the <a href="Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the Indian Legislature, the <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. It was created by the <a href="Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a>, implementing the <a href="Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a>. It was also sometimes called the <b>Indian Legislative Assembly</b> and the <b>Imperial Legislative Assembly</b>. The <a href="Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State</a> was the upper house of the legislature for India.

</p><p>As a result of <a href="Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a>, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 14 August 1947 and its place taken by the <a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> and the <a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a> including <a href="East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> (modern-day <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div>

<p>The new Assembly was the lower house of a <a href="Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>, with a new <a href="Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State</a> as the upper house, reviewing legislation passed by the Assembly. However, both its powers and its electorate were limited.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Assembly had 145 members who were either nominated or indirectly elected from the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Legislative Assembly had no members from the <a href="Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a>, as they were not part of British India. On 23 December 1919, when <a href="George_V" title="George V">King-Emperor George V</a> gave royal assent to the Government of India Act 1919, he also made a proclamation which created the <a href="Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a>, to provide a forum for the states to use to debate national questions and make their collective views known to the Government of India.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominated_members">Nominated members</h3></div>

<p>The nominated members were officials or non-officials and nominated by the Government of India and the provinces.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officials">Officials</h4></div>

<p>There were a total of 26 nominated officials out of which 14 were nominated by the Government of India from the <a href="Viceroy's_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Executive Council</a>, <a href="Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State</a> and from the Secretariat. The other 12 came from the provinces. Madras, Bombay and Bengal nominated two officials while United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar & Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam and Burma nominated one each.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-officials">Non-officials</h4></div>

<p>There were a total of 15 nominated non-officials out of which 5 were nominated by the Government of India representing five special interests namely <a href="Associated_Chambers_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Chambers of Commerce">Associated Chambers of Commerce</a>, <a href="Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christians">Indian Christians</a>, Labour interests, <a href="Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a> and the Depressed Classes. The other 10 non-officials were nominated from the provinces namely two from Bengal, United Provinces and Punjab and one each from Bombay, Bihar & Orissa, Berar and the North West Frontier Province.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elected_members">Elected members</h3></div>

<p>Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by <a href="Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, 2 by <a href="Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a>, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, one seat each was added for Delhi, <a href="Ajmer-Merwara" title="Ajmer-Merwara">Ajmer-Merwara</a> and the North West Frontier Province.

</p><p>The constituencies were divided as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-GOIAct1919_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOIAct1919-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Province</th>

<th>Seats</th>

<th>Names of Constituencies

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Assam</a>

</td>

<td align="center">4

</td>

<td>General (2): Assam Valley, Surma Valley with Shillong<br>Muslim: Assam Muhammadan<br>Assam European

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>

</td>

<td align="center">16

</td>

<td>General (6): Calcutta Urban (1), Calcutta suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist Municipal) (1), Calcutta Rural, Presidency Division (1), Burdwan Division (excluding Hoogly and Howrah Dist) (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Rajshahi Division (1)<br>Muslim (5): Calcutta and suburbs (Hoogly, Haorah, 24 Pargana Dist) (1), Burdwan and Calcutta Presidency Division (1), Dacca Division (1), Chittagong Division (1), Rajshahi Division (1)<br>Europeans in Bengal Presidency (2)<br>Landholders Bengal (1)<br>Commerce (2): Indian Chambers of Commerce (1), Rotation: Bengal Chambers of Commerce or Marwari Association or Bengal Mahajan Sabha (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa</a>

</td>

<td align="center">12

</td>

<td>General (8): Tirhut Division (2), Orissa (2), Patna with Shahabad (1), Gaya with Monghyr (1), Bhagalpur Purnea and the Santhal Parganas (1), Chota Nagpur Division (1)<br>Muslim (3): Patna and Chota Nagpur cum Orissa (1), Bhagalpur Division (1), Tirhut Division (1)<br>Bihar and Orissa Landholders (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a>

</td>

<td align="center">16

</td>

<td>General (8): Bombay City Urban (2), Sind (1), Northern Division (2), Southern Division (1), Central (2) <br>Muslim (4): Bombay City Urban (1), Sind Urban (1), Sind Rural in rotation with Northern Division (1), Central Division in rotation with Southern Division (1)<br>Europeans in Presidency (1)<br>Commerce (2) Indian Merchants Chamber (1), The Bombay Millowners' Association or The Ahmedabad Millowners' Association (1) <br>Landholders Rotation (1): Sind Jagirdars & Zamindars or Gujarat & Deccan Sardars & Inamdars

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>

</td>

<td align="center">4

</td>

<td>General (3) <br> European (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a>

</td>

<td align="center">5

</td>

<td>General (3): Nagpur Division (1), Central Provinces Hindi Division (The Narmada, Jabalpur and Chhattisgarh Divisions) (2) <br>Muslim (1) <br>Landholders (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a>

</td>

<td align="center">16

</td>

<td>General (11): Madras City Urban (1), Madras Districts Rural (1), Ganjam cum Vizagapatnam (1), Godavari cum Krishna (1), Guntur cum Nellore (1), Chittoor cum Ceded Dists (Anantpur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool) (1), Salem, Coimbatore cum North Arcot (1), Chingleput cum South Arcot (1), Tanjore cum Trichinopoly (1), Madurai, Ramnad cum Tinnevelly (1), Nilgiris and West Coast (Malabar, Anjengo, S. Canara) (1)<br>Muslim (3): North Madras (Ganjam, Vizgapatam, Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellore, Anantapur, Bellary, Cuddapah, Kurnool and Chittoor) (1), South Madras (Chingleput, Madras, Arcot, North & South Coimbatore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madurai) (1), Nilgiris and W. Coast (Malabar, S. Canara) (1)<br>Europeans in Presidency (1)<br>Landholders in Presidency (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>

</td>

<td align="center">12

</td>

<td>General (3): Ambala Division (1), Jullundur Division (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan) Division (1) <br>Muslim (6): East Punjab (Ambala, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Jullunder, Ludhiana) (1), East Central Punjab (Ferozepur, Lahore, Amritsar and Gurdaspur) (1), West Central Punjab (Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Lyallpur) (1), North Punjab (Gujrat, Jhelum and Rawalpindi) (1), North- West Punjab (Attock, Mianwali, Shahpur and Jhang) (1), South-West Punjab (Multan, Montgomery, Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan) (1) <br>Sikh (2): East Punjab (Ambala and Jullundur Division) (1), West Punjab (Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan) (1) <br>Punjab Landholders (1)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>

</td>

<td align="center">16

</td>

<td>General (8) Cities of UP (Agra, Meerut, Cawnpore, Benares, Allahabad, Bareilly, Lucknow) (1), Meerut Division (excluding Municipality and Cantonment) (1), Agra Division (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Allahabad Jhansi Division (1), Benares Gorakhpur Division (1), Lucknow Division (1), Faizabad Division (1)<br>Muslim (6): Cities of U.P (1), Meerut Division (1), Agra (1), Rohilkhand and Kumaon Division (1), Lucknow and Faizabad (1), Southern Division (Allahabad, Benares, Gorakhpur) (1)<br>European U. P. (1)<br>Landholders U P (1)

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<p>The <a href="Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> introduced further reforms. The Assembly continued as the lower chamber of a central Indian parliament based in <a href="Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, with two chambers, both containing elected and appointed members. The Assembly increased in size to 250 seats for members elected by the constituencies of <a href="British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, plus a further 125 seats for the Indian <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a>. However, elections for the reformed legislature never took place.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h2></div>

<p>The Central Legislative Assembly met in the Council Hall and later to the Viceregal Lodge in Old Delhi both of which are now located in Delhi University.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new "Council House" was conceived in 1919 as the seat of the future Legislative Assembly, the Council of State, and the <a href="Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a>. The foundation stone was laid on 12 February 1921 and the building was opened on 18 January 1927 by <a href="Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Irwin</a>, the <a href="Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy and Governor-General</a>. The Council House later changed its name to Parliament House, or <i><a href="Sansad_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansad Bhavan">Sansad Bhavan</a></i>, and was the home of the <a href="Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> until 19 September 2023, having been converted into a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Assembly, the Council of State, and the Chamber of Princes were officially opened in 1921 by <a href="George_V" title="George V">King George V's</a> uncle, the <a href="Prince_Arthur%2C_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2></div>

<p>The first elections to the new legislatures took place in November 1920 and proved to be the first significant contest between the Moderates and the <a href="Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">Non-cooperation movement</a>, whose aim was for the elections to fail. The Non-cooperators were at least partly successful in this, as out of almost a million electors for the Assembly, only some 182,000 voted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1920_Indian_general_election" title="1920 Indian general election">1920 Indian general election</a></div>

<p>After the withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement, a group within the <a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> formed the <a href="Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a> and contested the elections in 1923 and 1926. The <a href="Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a> led by <a href="Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> as the <a href="Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">leader of the Opposition</a> was able to secure the defeat, or at least the delay, of finance bills and other legislation. However, after 1926, the members of the Swaraj Party either joined the government or returned to the Congress which continued its <a href="Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of the legislature during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1923_Indian_general_election" title="1923 Indian general election">1923 Indian general election</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1926_Indian_general_election" title="1926 Indian general election">1926 Indian general election</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1930_Indian_general_election" title="1930 Indian general election">1930 Indian general election</a></div>

<p>In 1934, the <a href="Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> ended its boycott of the legislatures and contested the elections to the fifth Central Legislative Assembly held that year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934 Indian general election</a></div>

<p>The last elections to the assembly were held in 1945.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945 Indian general election</a></div>

<p>The electorate of the Assembly was never more than a very small fraction of the population of India. In the British House of Commons on 10 November 1942, the <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> <a href="Seymour_Cocks" title="Seymour Cocks">Seymour Cocks</a> asked the Secretary of State for India <a href="Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> "What is the electorate for the present Central Legislative Assembly?" and received the written answer "The total electorate for the last General Election (1934) for the Central Legislative Assembly was 1,415,892."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_events">Important events</h2></div>

<ul><li>In March 1926, <a href="Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full <a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status on India, to be enacted by the parliament. When this demand was rejected by the Assembly, Nehru and his colleagues walked out of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-Nehru_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nehru-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On 8 April 1929, the Indian revolutionaries <a href="Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> and <a href="Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a> threw a bomb into the corridors of the Assembly in order to show their discontent and frustration against the British government's decision to enact the Trade Disputes Bill and the Public Safety Bill. The bomb explosion was followed by a shower of leaflets citing their reasons and ideology behind the act and few gunshots in the air, shouting "<i>Inquilab Zindabad!</i>" ("Long Live the Revolution!"). A few members were injured such as <a href="George_Ernest_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest Schuster">George Ernest Schuster</a> (the finance member of the <a href="Viceroy's_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Executive Council</a>), <a href="Ardeshir_Dalal" title="Ardeshir Dalal">Sir Bomanji A. Dalal</a>, <a href="P._Raghavendra_Rau" title="P. Raghavendra Rau">P. Raghavendra Rau</a>, Shankar Rao and S. N. Roy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolutionaries surrendered themselves and the weapon without any resistance as per plan instead of escaping. On 12 June 1929 they were sentenced to <a href="Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">Penal transportation</a> for the bombing, having defended the case themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Due to the return of the Congress in 1934 as the main opposition, there was a sharp increase in the number of government defeats in the Assembly. In a <a href="British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> debate on 4 April 1935, the <a href="Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, <a href="Samuel_Hoare%2C_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a>, stated that "The number of divisions in the Legislative Assembly since the recent elections and up to the 25th March in which Government have been successful is five. The number of adverse divisions in the same period is seventeen." <a href="Henry_Page_Croft%2C_1st_Baron_Croft" title="Henry Page Croft, 1st Baron Croft">Henry Page Croft</a> then asked "Can the right hon. Gentleman say whether the Government would have been successful on any occasion without the support of the nominated members?" Hoare replied "I could not answer that question without looking into the figures, but in any case I see no reason to differentiate between one class of member and another."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1936 during the <a href="1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, Indian troops were sent there. In the Assembly, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, disallowed all questions and resolutions which asked him to express the concern of Indian Muslims about the position of Arabs in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>On 27 February 1942, during the Second World War, the Assembly held a secret session to discuss the war situation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents_of_the_Assembly">Presidents of the Assembly</h2></div>

<p>The presiding officer (or <a href="Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a>) of the Assembly was called the President. While the Government of India Act 1919 provided for the President to be elected, it made an exception in the case of the first President, who was to be appointed by the Government. The Governor-General appointed <a href="Frederick_Whyte" title="Frederick Whyte">Frederick Whyte</a>, a former <a href="Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> member of the <a href="British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> who had been a <a href="Parliamentary_private_secretary" title="Parliamentary private secretary">parliamentary private secretary</a> to <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PPI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laundy_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laundy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Sachchidananda Sinha</a> was the Deputy President of Assembly in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ganesh_Vasudev_Mavlankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar">Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar</a> was the last President of the Assembly till the Assembly came to an end on 14 August 1947. He became the first Speaker of the <a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>, and in 1952 the first Speaker of the <i><a href="Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></i>, the lower house of the <a href="Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashyap_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashyap-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>No

</th>

<th>Image

</th>

<th>President

</th>

<th>Tenure<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Frederick_Whyte" title="Frederick Whyte">Frederick Whyte</a>

</td>

<td>3 February 1921 – 23 August 1925

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Vithalbhai_Patel" title="Vithalbhai Patel">Vithalbhai Patel</a>

</td>

<td>24 August 1925 – April 1930

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Muhammad Yakub

</td>

<td>9 July 1930 – 31 July 1931

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Ibrahim_Rahimtoola" title="Ibrahim Rahimtoola">Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola</a>

</td>

<td>17 January 1931 – 7 March 1933

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">Sir Ramasamy Shanmukham Chetty</a>

</td>

<td>14 March 1933 – 31 December 1934

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Abdur_Rahim_(judge)" title="Abdur Rahim (judge)">Sir Abdur Rahim</a>

</td>

<td>24 January 1935 – 1 October 1945

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>7

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Ganesh_Vasudev_Mavlankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar">Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar</a>

</td>

<td>24 January 1946 – 14 August 1947

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<th>No

</th>

<th>Image

</th>

<th>Deputy President

</th>

<th>Tenure<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Dr Sachchidananda Sinha</a>

</td>

<td>February 1921 – September 1921

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Sir_Jamsetjee_Jejeebhoy%2C_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet">Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy</a>

</td>

<td>September 1921 – 1923

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="T._Rangachari" title="T. Rangachari">T. Rangachari</a>

</td>

<td>February 1924 – 1926

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Muhammad Yakub

</td>

<td>January 1927 – 1930

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Hari_Singh_Gour" title="Hari Singh Gour">Hari Singh Gour</a>

</td>

<td>July 1930

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>6

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">R. K. Shanmukham Chetty</a>

</td>

<td>January 1931 – March 1933

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>7

</td>

</td>

<td><a href="Abdul_Matin_Chaudhury" title="Abdul Matin Chaudhury">Abdul Matin Chaudhury</a>

</td>

<td>March 1933 – 1934

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>8

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Akhil Chandra Datta

</td>

<td>February 1934 – 1945

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>9

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Muhammad_Yamin_Khan" title="Muhammad Yamin Khan">Muhammad Yamin Khan</a>

</td>

<td>February 1946 – 1947

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2></div>

<ul><li><b>Labour Interests</b>: <a href="N._M._Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="N. M. Joshi">N. M. Joshi</a></li>

<li><b>Depressed Classes:</b> <a href="M._C._Rajah" title="M. C. Rajah">M. C. Rajah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="N._Sivaraj" title="N. Sivaraj">N. Sivaraj</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Bihar & Orissa:</b> <a href="Madhusudan_Das" title="Madhusudan Das">Madhusudan Das</a>, <a href="Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Sachchidananda Sinha</a>, <a href="Nilakantha_Das" title="Nilakantha Das">Nilakantha Das</a>, <a href="Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li>

<li><b>Assam:</b> Khan Bahadur Gulam Mostofa Chowdhury</li>

<li><b>Bengal:</b> <a href="Khwaja_Habibullah" title="Khwaja Habibullah">Khwaja Habibullah</a>, <a href="Kshitish_Chandra_Neogy" title="Kshitish Chandra Neogy">Kshitish Chandra Neogy</a>, <a href="Gurusaday_Dutt" title="Gurusaday Dutt">Gurusaday Dutt</a>, <a href="Satyendra_Chandra_Mitra" title="Satyendra Chandra Mitra">Satyendra Chandra Mitra</a>, <a href="Abdullah_Al-Mamun_Suhrawardy" title="Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy">Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy</a>, <a href="Amarendra_Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarendra Chatterjee">Amarendra Chatterjee</a>, <a href="Renuka_Ray" title="Renuka Ray">Renuka Ray</a>.</li>

<li><b>Bombay:</b> <a href="Sir_Jamsetjee_Jejeebhoy%2C_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet">Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy</a>, <a href="Seth_Harchandrai_Vishandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth Harchandrai Vishandas">Seth Harchandrai Vishandas</a>, <a href="Vithalbhai_Patel" title="Vithalbhai Patel">Vithalbhai Patel</a>, <a href="N._C._Kelkar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. C. Kelkar">N. C. Kelkar</a>, <a href="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, <a href="Kasturbhai_Lalbhai" title="Kasturbhai Lalbhai">Kasturbhai Lalbhai</a>, <a href="M._R._Jayakar" title="M. R. Jayakar">M. R. Jayakar</a>, <a href="Wahid_Baksh_Bhutto" title="Wahid Baksh Bhutto">Wahid Baksh Bhutto</a>, <a href="Sir_Cowasji_Jehangir%2C_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet">Sir Jehangir Cowasji</a>, <a href="Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a>, <a href="Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a>, <a href="Homi_Mody" title="Homi Mody">Homi Mody</a>, <a href="Keshavrao_Jedhe" title="Keshavrao Jedhe">Keshavrao Jedhe</a>, <a href="Narhar_Vishnu_Gadgil" title="Narhar Vishnu Gadgil">Narhar Vishnu Gadgil</a>, <a href="Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar</a></li>

<li><b>Central Provinces & Berar</b>: <a href="Hari_Singh_Gour" title="Hari Singh Gour">Hari Singh Gour</a>, <a href="Seth_Govind_Das" title="Seth Govind Das">Seth Govind Das</a>, <a href="B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a>, <a href="M._S._Aney" class="mw-redirect" title="M. S. Aney">M. S. Aney</a>, <a href="Narayan_Bhaskar_Khare" title="Narayan Bhaskar Khare">Narayan Bhaskar Khare</a>, <a href="Ramrao_Deshmukh" title="Ramrao Deshmukh">Barrister Ramrao Deshmukh</a>, Rao Bahadur Dinkarrao Rajurkar<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Delhi:</b> <a href="Asaf_Ali" title="Asaf Ali">Asaf Ali</a></li>

<li><b>Madras:</b> <a href="T._V._Seshagiri_Iyer" title="T. V. Seshagiri Iyer">T. V. Seshagiri Iyer</a>, <a href="P._S._Kumaraswamy_Raja" title="P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja">P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja</a>, <a href="P._S._Sivaswami_Iyer" title="P. S. Sivaswami Iyer">P. S. Sivaswami Iyer</a>, <a href="Muhammad_Habibullah" title="Muhammad Habibullah">Muhammad Habibullah</a>, <a href="T._Rangachari" title="T. Rangachari">T. Rangachari</a>, <a href="R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">R. K. Shanmukham Chetty</a>, <a href="A._Rangaswami_Iyengar" title="A. Rangaswami Iyengar">A. Rangaswami Iyengar</a>, <a href="M._Ct._M._Chidambaram_Chettyar" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar">M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar</a>, <a href="S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a>, <a href="Tanguturi_Prakasam" title="Tanguturi Prakasam">Tanguturi Prakasam</a>, <a href="Madabhushi_Ananthasayanam_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar">Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar</a>, <a href="V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a>, <a href="Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar</a>, <a href="S._Satyamurti" title="S. Satyamurti">S. Satyamurti</a>, <a href="N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a>, <a href="Kasinathuni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao">Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao</a>, Addepally Satyanarayana Murthy, <a href="T._S._Avinashilingam_Chettiar" class="mw-redirect" title="T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar">T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar</a>, <a href="C._N._Muthuranga_Mudaliar" title="C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar">C. N. Muthuranga Mudaliar</a>, <a href="T._S._S._Rajan" title="T. S. S. Rajan">T. S. S. Rajan</a>, <a href="Sami_Venkatachalam_Chetty" title="Sami Venkatachalam Chetty">Sami Venkatachalam Chetty</a>, <a href="Ramakrishna_Ranga_Rao_of_Bobbili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili">Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili</a>, <a href="K._Santhanam" title="K. Santhanam">Kasturiranga Santhanam</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>NWFP:</b> <a href="Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a>, <a href="Khan_Abdul_Jabbar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan">Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan</a></li>

<li><b>Punjab:</b> <a href="Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, <a href="Mian_Sir_Muhammad_Shah_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz">Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz</a>, <a href="Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li>

<li><b>United Provinces:</b> <a href="Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, <a href="Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a>, <a href="C._S._Ranga_Iyer" title="C. S. Ranga Iyer">C. S. Ranga Iyer</a>, <a href="H._N._Kunzru" title="H. N. Kunzru">H. N. Kunzru</a>, <a href="Ghanshyam_Das_Birla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanshyam Das Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a>, <a href="Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a>, <a href="Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a>, <a href="Muhammad_Yamin_Khan" title="Muhammad Yamin Khan">Muhammad Yamin Khan</a>, <a href="Mohammad_Ismail_Khan_(Indian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)">Mohammad Ismail Khan</a>, <a href="Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a>, <a href="Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, <a href="Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2></div>

<p>As per the <a href="Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>, the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States ceased to exist and the <a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> became the central legislature of India.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Viceroy's_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Executive Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State (India)</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> 1974, vol. 9 Macropaedia Hu-Iv, p. 417</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBolitho2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Bolitho, Hector</a> (2006) [First published 1954]. <i>Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 81. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-547323-0</bdi>. <q>The introduction of a 'two-house' parliamentary system, with a Council of State and a Central Legislative Assembly.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. D. Mahajan, <i>Modern Indian History</i> (New Delhi: Chand Publishing, 2020), p. 584</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara, <i>Dalit Movement in India and its Leaders, 1857–1956</i>, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA142">p. 142</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110">"-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-GOIAct1919-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOIAct1919_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMira1921" class="citation book cs1">Mira, H. N. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/govtofindiaact19029669mbp"><i>The Govt Of India Act 1919 Rules Thereunder And Govt Reports 1920</i></a>. N.N.Mitter Annual Register Office.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2001" class="citation book cs1">Iyengar, A. S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC"><i>Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle</i></a>. APH. p. 26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788176482561</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/du-plans-heritage-tour-light-and-sound-show-at-viceregal-lodge/1017254/">"DU plans heritage tour, light and sound show at Viceregal Lodge - Indian Express"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Riddick (2006) <i>The History of British India: a Chronology</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 181</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/photo/archival.htm">Archival Photos of Parliament House</a> at rajyasabha.nic.in</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Arthur, Prince, first duke of Connaught and Strathearn</i> in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Coatman, <i>India, the Road to Self-Government</i> (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/indiatheroadtose035065mbp/indiatheroadtose035065mbp_djvu.txt">full text online</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varahagiri Venkata Giri, <i>My Life and Times</i> (Macmillan Co. of India, 1976), p. 97</span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1942/nov/10/central-legislative-assembly-etectorate">"Central Legislative Assembly Etectorate (1942)"</a>. <i><a href="Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Written Answers. 10 November 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nehru-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nehru_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawaharlal Nehru, <i>Jawaharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India</i> (1936)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Bombs Thrown into Assembly"</a>. <i>Evening Tribune</i>. 8 April 1930<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51537786">"TWO BOMBS THROWN"</a>. <i><a href="The_Examiner_(Tasmania)" title="The Examiner (Tasmania)">The Examiner</a></i> (DAILY ed.). Launceston, Tasmania. 10 April 1929. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2013</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-3-2004_pg7_9">Bhagat Singh remembered – Daily Times of Pakistan</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1935/apr/04/central-legislative-assembly">"Central Legislative Assembly (1935)"</a>. <i><a href="Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 4 April 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan G. Roland, <i>The Jewish Communities of India: identity in a colonial era</i> (Transaction Publishers, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHJccZ92IecC&pg=PA197">p. 197</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subhash C. Kashyap. <i>Parliamentary Procedure</i> (Universal Law Publishing Co, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTpWUMOEyNUC&pg=PA139">p. 139</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-PPI-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPI_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajita Ranjan Mukherjea, <i>Parliamentary Procedure in India</i> (Oxford, 1983), p. 43</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Laundy-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laundy_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Laundy, <i>The Office of Speaker in the Parliaments of the Commonwealth</i> (Quiller, 1984), p. 175</span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203405/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm">"Constituent Assembly of India - Volume I; Monday, the 9th December 1946"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Kashyap-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kashyap_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subhash C. Kashyap, <i>Dada Saheb Mavalankar, Father of Lok Sabha</i> (Published for the Lok Sabha Secretariat by the National Publishing House, 1989), pp. 9–11)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurry2007" class="citation book cs1">Murry, K. C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjxPSlVqiaYC"><i>Naga Legislative Assembly and Its Speakers</i></a>. Mittal Publication. p. 20. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788183241267</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKashyap1994" class="citation book cs1">Kashyap, Subhash (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KKbAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Parliament of India</i></a>. Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788185402345</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambeth, அம்பேத்: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/07/morning-star-mc-rajah-and-dr-babasaheb.html">Perunthalaivar M. C. Rajah -- First Leader who Organized the Scheduled Classes at the National Level in India</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambeth, அம்பேத்: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ambedkarambeth.blogspot.com/2015/03/right-hand-of-drbabasaheb-ambedkar-rao.html">Thanthai N. Sivaraj -- National Level Leader Who Worked for the Scheduled Classes of India.</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rajya Sabha Past Members' Bio-Data </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf">http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i> dated 15 February 1952, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041110032549/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021500320800.htm">New Lieutenant-Governors</a></i> online</span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Brass, <i>Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad (1894–1954), politician in India</i> in the <i><a href="Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (2004)</span>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Legislatures_of_India295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="India" title="India"></a></span></span> <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislatures</a> of <a href="India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li>

<li><a href="Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State Legislative Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council">Andhra Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">Bihar</a></li>

<li><a href="Karnataka_Legislative_Council" title="Karnataka Legislative Council">Karnataka</a></li>

<li><a href="Maharashtra_Legislative_Council" title="Maharashtra Legislative Council">Maharashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Telangana_Legislative_Council" title="Telangana Legislative Council">Telangana</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assam_Legislative_Council" title="Assam Legislative Council">Assam</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombay_Legislative_Council" title="Bombay Legislative Council">Bombay</a></li>

<li><a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Council" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Madhya Pradesh Legislative Council">Madhya Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjab_Legislative_Council" title="Punjab Legislative Council">Punjab</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Council" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Council">Tamil Nadu</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="West Bengal Legislative Council">West Bengal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State Legislative Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Andhra Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Arunachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Assam</a></li>

<li><a href="Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Bihar</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhattisgarh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly">Chhattisgarh</a></li>

<li><a href="Delhi_Legislative_Assembly" title="Delhi Legislative Assembly">Delhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">Gujarat</a></li>

<li><a href="Haryana_Legislative_Assembly" title="Haryana Legislative Assembly">Haryana</a></li>

<li><a href="Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Himachal Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li>

<li><a href="Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jharkhand Legislative Assembly">Jharkhand</a></li>

<li><a href="Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Karnataka</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Madhya Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Maharashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Manipur_Legislative_Assembly" title="Manipur Legislative Assembly">Manipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Meghalaya_Legislative_Assembly" title="Meghalaya Legislative Assembly">Meghalaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly" title="Mizoram Legislative Assembly">Mizoram</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagaland_Legislative_Assembly" title="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Nagaland</a></li>

<li><a href="Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="Odisha Legislative Assembly">Odisha</a></li>

<li><a href="Puducherry_Legislative_Assembly" title="Puducherry Legislative Assembly">Puducherry</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly" title="Rajasthan Legislative Assembly">Rajasthan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikkim_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sikkim Legislative Assembly">Sikkim</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu</a></li>

<li><a href="Telangana_Legislative_Assembly" title="Telangana Legislative Assembly">Telangana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripura_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tripura Legislative Assembly">Tripura</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Uttar Pradesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Uttarakhand</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ajmer_Legislative_Assembly" title="Ajmer Legislative Assembly">Ajmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhopal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bhopal Legislative Assembly">Bhopal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombay_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bombay Legislative Assembly">Bombay</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorg_Legislative_Assembly" title="Coorg Legislative Assembly">Coorg</a></li>

<li><a href="Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union_Legislative_Assembly" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a></li>

<li><a href="Legislatures_of_British_India" title="Legislatures of British India">Provincial Legislatures</a></li>

<li><a href="Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Central_Legislative_Assembly&oldid=1304200890">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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